LOS ANGELES — A large truck speeding in the opposite direction suddenly veers into your lane.
LOS ANGELES — A large truck speeding in the opposite direction suddenly veers into your lane.
Jerk the wheel left and smash into a bicyclist?
Swerve right toward a family on foot?
Slam the brakes and brace for head-on impact?
Drivers make split-second decisions based on instinct and a limited view of the dangers around them. The cars of the future — those that can drive themselves thanks to an array of sensors and computing power — will have near-perfect perception and react based on preprogrammed logic.
While cars that do most or even all of the driving might be much safer, accidents happen.
It’s relatively easy to write computer code that directs the car how to respond to a sudden dilemma. The hard part is deciding what that response should be.
“The problem is, who’s determining what we want?” asks Jeffrey Miller, a University of Southern California professor who develops driverless vehicle software. “You’re not going to have 100 percent buy-in that says, ‘Hit the guy on the right.’”
Companies testing driverless cars are not focusing on these moral questions.
The company most aggressively developing self-driving cars isn’t a carmaker at all. Google invested heavily in the technology, driving hundreds of thousands of miles on roads and highways in tricked-out Priuses and Lexus SUVs. Leaders at the Silicon Valley giant said they want to get the technology to the public by 2017.
For now, Google is focused on mastering the most common driving scenarios, programming the cars to drive defensively in hopes of avoiding the rare instances when an accident is truly unavoidable.
“People are philosophizing about it, but the question about real-world capability and real-world events that can affect us, we really haven’t studied that issue,” said Ron Medford, director of safety for Google’s self-driving car project.
One of those philosophers is Patrick Lin, a professor who directs the ethics and emerging sciences group at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo.
“This is one of the most profoundly serious decisions we can make. Program a machine that can foreseeably lead to someone’s death,” said Lin. “When we make programming decisions, we expect those to be as right as we can be.”
What right looks like might differ from company to company, but according to Lin automakers have a duty to show that they wrestled with these complex questions — and publicly reveal the answers they reach.
Lin said he discussed the ethics of driverless cars with Google as well as automakers such as Tesla, Nissan and BMW. As far as he knows, only BMW has formed an internal group to study the issue.
Many automakers remain skeptical cars will operate completely without drivers, at least not in the next five or 10 years.
To some, the fundamental moral question doesn’t ask about rare and catastrophic accidents but rather how to balance appropriate caution over introducing the technology against its potential to save lives. After all, more than 30,000 people die in traffic accidents each year in the United States.
“No one has a good answer for how safe is safe enough,” said Bryant Walker Smith, a law professor who has written extensively about self-driving cars. The cars “are going to crash, and that is something that the companies need to accept and the public needs to accept.”
And what about government regulators — how will they react to crashes, especially those that are particularly gruesome or the result of a decision a person would be unlikely to make? Just four states have passed any rules governing self-driving cars on public roads, and the federal government appears to be in no hurry to regulate them.
In California, the department of motor vehicles is discussing ethical questions with companies, but isn’t writing rules.
“That’s a natural question that would come up and it does come up,” said Bernard Soriano, the department’s point man on driverless cars, of how cars should decide between a series of bad choices. “There will have to be some sort of explanation.”